Review Questions - Click On The Picture To Begin...
- Food products are generally light enough that the entire tank can be filled, thus, limiting any liquid surge
- Food grade tankers are required to be fitted with baffles or bulkheads
- To save room in the tank, most shippers of liquid food products prefer to forgo baffles so more product can be loaded
- Sanitation regulations forbid the use of baffles because of the difficulty in cleaning the inside of the tank
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Sanitation regulations forbid the use of baffles because of the difficulty in cleaning the inside of the tank.
TruckingTruth's Advice:
Anytime you see a food grade tanker, it is safe to assume there are no baffles installed. Not only is that important for you to know when pulling a food grade tanker, but you can also drive differently around other vehicles that are pulling food grade tankers (give them more room).
- When liquids condense as they warm
- When liquids expand as they cool
- When liquids condense as they cool
- When liquids expand as they warm
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Never load a cargo tank totally full. Liquids expand as they warm and you must leave room for the expanding liquid. This is called "outage." Since different liquids expand by different amounts, they require different amounts of outage. You must know the outage requirement when hauling liquids in bulk.
A full tank of dense liquid (such as some acids) may exceed legal weight limits. For that reason, you often may only partially fill tanks with heavy liquids. The amount of liquid to load into a tank depends on:
- The amount the liquid will expand in transit.
- The weight of the liquid.
- Legal weight limits.
- Liquid is held in place by multiple barriers, restricting liquid surge
- Small tanks which are loaded and secured onto flatbed trailers
- There are barriers in the tank with holes in them to slow down and restrict surging liquid
- There are no barriers inside to slow down or stop liquid from surging
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Unbaffled liquid tankers (sometimes called "smooth bore" tanks) have nothing inside to slow down the flow of the liquid. Therefore, forward-and-back surge is very strong. Unbaffled tanks are usually those that transport food products (e.g., milk). (Sanitation regulations forbid the use of baffles because of the difficulty in cleaning the inside of the tank.) Be extremely cautious (slow and careful) in driving smooth bore tanks, especially when starting and stopping.
TruckingTruth's Advice:
Unbaffled tankers are much more dangerous to drive, especially when the tanks aren't completely full, as liquid can surge and slosh around in any direction hindering vehicle control.
- Unrestricted tanks
- Smooth bore tanks
- Free flow tanks
- Selective range tanks
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Unbaffled liquid tankers (sometimes called "smooth bore" tanks) have nothing inside to slow down the flow of the liquid. Therefore, forward-and-back surge is very strong. Unbaffled tanks are usually those that transport food products (e.g., milk). (Sanitation regulations forbid the use of baffles because of the difficulty in cleaning the inside of the tank.) Be extremely cautious (slow and careful) in driving smooth bore tanks, especially when starting and stopping.
- Fuel tankers
- Food grade tankers
- All tanker trucks are equipped with baffles
- Tankers designed to haul non-liquid products
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Unbaffled liquid tankers (sometimes called "smooth bore" tanks) have nothing inside to slow down the flow of the liquid. Therefore, forward-and-back surge is very strong. Unbaffled tanks are usually those that transport food products (e.g., milk). (Sanitation regulations forbid the use of baffles because of the difficulty in cleaning the inside of the tank.) Be extremely cautious (slow and careful) in driving smooth bore tanks, especially when starting and stopping.
- When liquid naturally swirls inside of a tank
- If the tank is punctured, the liquid will rush out of the opening
- Results from movement of the liquid in partially filled tanks
- None of these answers are correct
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Liquid surge results from movement of the liquid in partially filled tanks. This movement can have bad effects on handling. For example, when coming to a stop, the liquid will surge back and forth. When the wave hits the end of the tank, it tends to push the truck in the direction the wave is moving. If the truck is on a slippery surface such as ice, the wave can shove a stopped truck out into an intersection. The driver of a liquid tanker must be very familiar with the handling of the vehicle.
TruckingTruth's Advice:
Liquid surge can result from nearly any conceivable movement. Steering left, right, accelerating, or slowing down can all cause liquid to surge. Even after stopping a liquid filled tanker, the liquid will surge back, then forward again, possibly forcing your truck to "jump" forward once more. That's why it's good practice to stay further back from vehicles, even when stopped.
- different liquids expand by different amounts
- Liquids expand at 1kg/m per 10 degree increase
- None of these answers are correct
- Most liquids do not expand when heated
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Never load a cargo tank totally full. Liquids expand as they warm and you must leave room for the expanding liquid. This is called "outage." Since different liquids expand by different amounts, they require different amounts of outage. You must know the outage requirement when hauling liquids in bulk.
- The amount the liquid will expand in transit (outage)
- Legal weight limits
- All of these should be taken into consideration when loading liquid into a tank
- The weight of the liquid
Quote From The CDL Manual:
A full tank of dense liquid (such as some acids) may exceed legal weight limits. For that reason, you often may only partially fill tanks with heavy liquids. The amount of liquid to load into a tank depends on:
- The amount the liquid will expand in transit.
- The weight of the liquid.
- Legal weight limits.
- Liquid surge will not affect handling and will only affect braking or acceleration
- Liquid surge only occurs during acceleration or stopping and does not occur during turns
- When liquid surge hits the end of the tank, it tends to push the truck in the direction the wave is moving
- On tanker vehicles, brakes are designed to hold the vehicle in place when liquid surges forward
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Liquid surge results from movement of the liquid in partially filled tanks. This movement can have bad effects on handling. For example, when coming to a stop, the liquid will surge back and forth. When the wave hits the end of the tank, it tends to push the truck in the direction the wave is moving. If the truck is on a slippery surface such as ice, the wave can shove a stopped truck out into an intersection. The driver of a liquid tanker must be very familiar with the handling of the vehicle.
- While stopping, liquid will slosh back and forth
- During turns, liquid will surge to the side of the trailer, increasing the chance of a rollover accident
- Quick acceleration will cause unnecessary sloshing and control difficulties
- All of these are correct
Quote From The CDL Manual:
In order to drive tank vehicles safely, remember:
- Drive smoothly - Because of the high center of gravity and the surge of the liquid, you must start, slow down and stop very smoothly. Also, make smooth turns and lane changes.
- Braking - If you must make a quick stop to avoid an accident, use controlled or stab braking. Also, remember that if you steer quickly while braking, your vehicle may roll over.
- Curves - Slow down before curves, then accelerate slightly through the curve. The posted speed for a curve may be too fast for a tank vehicle.
- Stopping distance - Keep in mind how much space you need to stop your vehicle. Remember that wet roads double the normal stopping distance. Empty tank vehicles may take longer to stop than full ones.
- Skids - Do not over steer, over accelerate or over brake. If you do, your vehicle may skid. On tank trailers, if your drive wheels or trailer wheels begin to skid, your vehicle may jackknife. When any vehicle starts to skid, you must take action to restore traction to the wheels.
- A tank filled with propane
- A tank filled with oil
- A tank carrying automotive gasoline
- A tank carrying milk
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Unbaffled liquid tankers (sometimes called "smooth bore" tanks) have nothing inside to slow down the flow of the liquid. Therefore, forward-and-back surge is very strong. Unbaffled tanks are usually those that transport food products (e.g., milk). (Sanitation regulations forbid the use of baffles because of the difficulty in cleaning the inside of the tank.) Be extremely cautious (slow and careful) in driving smooth bore tanks, especially when starting and stopping.
TruckingTruth's Advice:
Baffles make cleaning the inside of a tank vehicle very difficult. Since most food grade tankers have to be completely clean and sanitary before each load, it is very rare for food grade tankers to have baffles.
- Fully loaded tankers take longer to stop than empty ones
- All of these statements are true
- Wet roads double the normal stopping distance
- Liquid surge may force your truck forward after you have already come to a complete stop
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Stopping distance - Keep in mind how much space you need to stop your vehicle. Remember that wet roads double the normal stopping distance. Empty tank vehicles may take longer to stop than full ones.
- Liquid tanks with several bulkheads containing holes that liquid can flow through
- Tanks without any bulkheads
- Used only for gas products
- Designed to contain several solid bulkheads
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Baffled liquid tanks have bulkheads in them with holes that let the liquid flow through. The baffles help to control the forward and backward liquid surge. Side-to-side surge can still occur. This can cause a roll over.
- Results from movement of the liquid in partially filled tanks
- If the truck is on a slippery surface such as ice, the wave can shove a stopped truck out into an intersection
- When the surge hits the end of the tank, it tends to push the truck in the opposite direction the wave is moving
- When coming to a stop, the liquid will surge back and forth
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Liquid surge results from movement of the liquid in partially filled tanks. This movement can have bad effects on handling. For example, when coming to a stop, the liquid will surge back and forth. When the wave hits the end of the tank, it tends to push the truck in the direction the wave is moving. If the truck is on a slippery surface such as ice, the wave can shove a stopped truck out into an intersection. The driver of a liquid tanker must be very familiar with the handling of the vehicle.
- Use stab braking to avoid an accident
- Steer quickly and swerve around a hazard while braking at the same time
- All of these answers are true
- Use controlled braking to avoid an accident
Quote From The CDL Manual:
To drive tank vehicles safely, you must follow all safe driving rules:
Braking – If you must make a quick stop to avoid an accident, use controlled or stab braking. If you do not remember how to stop using these methods, review Section 2.13. Also, remember that if you steer quickly while braking, your vehicle may roll over.
- Always load a cargo tank with "filler" so that it's completely filled
- Expect liquid to evaporate and lighten your gross weight over time
- Never load a cargo tank so that it's totally full
- Use disposable baffles and barriers when hauling food grade tankers
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Never load a cargo tank totally full. Liquids expand as they warm and you must leave room for the expanding liquid. This is called "outage." Since different liquids expand by different amounts, they require different amounts of outage. You must know the outage requirement when hauling liquids in bulk.
A full tank of dense liquid (such as some acids) may exceed legal weight limits. For that reason, you often may only partially fill tanks with heavy liquids. The amount of liquid to load into a tank depends on:
- The amount the liquid will expand in transit.
- The weight of the liquid.
- Legal weight limits.
- Understand that the posted speed for a curve may be too fast for a tank vehicle
- Be confident that your lower center of gravity will reduce the risk of a rollover
- Always drive the posted speed for a curve
- Use quick steering movements to keep liquids from collecting on one side
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Curves: Slow down before curves, then accelerate slightly through the curve. The posted speed for a curve may be too fast for a tank vehicle.
TruckingTruth's Advice:
All maneuvers in a tanker truck should be made slower and smoother than other vehicle types.
- Bulkheads are only allowed in food-grade tankers where baffles can be installed in any type of tanker
- Bulkheads are solid barriers in a tank while baffles are barriers with holes in them, allowing liquid to flow through
- Bulkheads are only used in gas tankers and baffles are only used in liquid tankers
- Baffles are solid barriers in a tanks while bulkheads are barriers with holes in them, allowing liquid to flow through
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Bulkheads: Some liquid tanks are divided into several smaller tanks by bulkheads. When loading and unloading the smaller tanks, the driver must pay attention to weight distribution. Do not put too much weight on the front or rear of the vehicle.
Baffled tanks: Baffled liquid tanks have bulkheads in them with holes that let the liquid flow through. The baffles help to control the forward and backward liquid surge. Side-to-side surge can still occur. This can cause a roll over.
- Contraction
- None of these answers are correct
- Outage
- Frontage
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Liquids expand as they warm and you must leave room for the expanding liquid. This is called "outage."
- A device that is placed on the top of liquid or gas and compresses it as low as possible to decrease the center of gravity
- Used to hold all liquid or gas to one side of the tank
- A divider inside a tank to section off liquid or gas
- Used to elevate liquid to a higher center of gravity
Quote From The CDL Manual:
Some liquid tanks are divided into several smaller tanks by bulkheads. When loading and unloading the smaller tanks, the driver must pay attention to weight distribution. Do not put too much weight on the front or rear of the vehicle.
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